Treinamento em técnicas analíticas para caracterização física, físico-química, química de águas e para estudo de poluição por metais pesados

Abstract

The industrial and urban activities of large cities produce large amounts of solid waste every day, which is stored in landfills or simply thrown on the ground surface. Especially in humid regions, such as the Amazon, the waste deposited in landfills is subject to produce, under the effect of percolation of rainwater, a leachate called leachate. This effluent has a high content of dissolved solids and is responsible for a large consumption of oxygen for the biochemical reactions of organic matter degradation, as shown in the general chemical reaction of garbage degradation: Organic Matter + 02 + bacteria + energy - C02 + H20 + CH4 + Stable Organic Substances. The present work aims at searching for analytical methodologies to interpret the environmental modifications produced by this garbage effluent on water, as well as the consequences of this pollution on the health of the aquatic environment. Organic matter analyses were also developed in the soils of the Caxiuanã area, within the study of nutrients, to compose the distribution of the contents of this parameter in the soils of the region. In water samples, pH, electrical conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen levels were measured for the monitoring period in the Guamá and Aurá Rivers and the Jaruca and Santana Igarapés, which are close to the Aurá dump. The analytical methods adopted proved to be efficient, since they attested to the oxygen consumption, the influence of the high pH of the slurry (7.11) on the natural pH of the water (6.5), the increase in electrical conductivity due to the increase in dissolved substances from the slurry, and the increase in temperature caused by the exothermic reactions of the degradation of organic matter. These changes seriously alter the natural balance of the aquatic environment. Analysis methodologies for elements dissolved in the slurry such as nitrogen, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus, among others, were also studied, and the analyses will be carried out later for a greater subsidy of the degree of modification of the environment.